![]() ![]() ![]() The fact that we could also run our studies in the same circumstances of the already investigated COVID-19 pandemic provided a further reason in favor of targeting UO. Given that-to the best of our knowledge-almost no research was conducted on the BTAE during the COVID-19 pandemic (e.g., Kulesza et al., 2022), we decided to focus on the well-established UO bias. We were unable to identify any research disconfirming UO bias toward possible COVID-19 infection under COVID-19 threat. In all of this research, participants perceived themselves as less threatened by COVID-19 in comparison with similar peers. Importantly, the UO bias had already been reported under those circumstances in many places around the world proving its robustness: in Italy and Romania ( Druică et al., 2020), Kazakhstan and Iran ( Kulesza et al., 2021), France, Italy, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom ( McColl et al., 2022), and Poland ( Dolinski et al., 2021). The main reason for this choice was a naturally occurring global event, that is, the COVID-19 pandemic. The launching pad for planned research on gender-nuanced biased social comparison was the UO bias. Such gender differences have been related to gender norms, with men being prompted by patriarchal societies to stress and affirm their masculinity, and as such their strength (for a review on precarious masculinity, see Vandello & Bosson, 2013). ![]() Lin et al., 2021), up to the point that women-led countries were evaluated as being more capable of dealing with the pandemic ( Galasso et al., 2020). Unsurprisingly, this pattern is confirmed also in the rich literature on COVID-19, where men, compared with women, are less likely to engage in compliant behaviors (e.g., Aranguren, 2022 T. Gender differences have been observed in risk assessment and consequent behaviors in several domains (for reviews, see Byrnes et al., 1999, or Courtenay, 2000), including smoking ( Weiss & Garbanati, 2006), drinking and driving ( Linkenbach & Perkins, 2005), and preventive health care ( Mahalik et al., 2006). Gender is a particularly relevant social dimension in the field of health and health-related decision-making. All subjects Allied Health Cardiology & Cardiovascular Medicine Dentistry Emergency Medicine & Critical Care Endocrinology & Metabolism Environmental Science General Medicine Geriatrics Infectious Diseases Medico-legal Neurology Nursing Nutrition Obstetrics & Gynecology Oncology Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine Otolaryngology Palliative Medicine & Chronic Care Pediatrics Pharmacology & Toxicology Psychiatry & Psychology Public Health Pulmonary & Respiratory Medicine Radiology Research Methods & Evaluation Rheumatology Surgery Tropical Medicine Veterinary Medicine Cell Biology Clinical Biochemistry Environmental Science Life Sciences Neuroscience Pharmacology & Toxicology Biomedical Engineering Engineering & Computing Environmental Engineering Materials Science Anthropology & Archaeology Communication & Media Studies Criminology & Criminal Justice Cultural Studies Economics & Development Education Environmental Studies Ethnic Studies Family Studies Gender Studies Geography Gerontology & Aging Group Studies History Information Science Interpersonal Violence Language & Linguistics Law Management & Organization Studies Marketing & Hospitality Music Peace Studies & Conflict Resolution Philosophy Politics & International Relations Psychoanalysis Psychology & Counseling Public Administration Regional Studies Religion Research Methods & Evaluation Science & Society Studies Social Work & Social Policy Sociology Special Education Urban Studies & Planning BROWSE JOURNALS ![]()
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